Malaysia's biotechnology and life sciences sector is expanding quickly due to strong government support, strategic initiatives like the National Biotechnology Policy, and investments in R&D. This growth offers a wide range of career opportunities in both research and commercial sectors.
The Malaysian government offers tax incentives, funding grants, and infrastructure development to attract local and international talent to the biotech industry. Agencies like Bioeconomy Corporation and MOSTI actively promote innovation and talent development.
Malaysia’s central location in Southeast Asia provides access to major global markets and regional research hubs. This makes it an ideal base for companies and professionals working in regional or international biotech projects.
Malaysia hosts a number of reputable universities and research institutions that collaborate with industry, offering professionals opportunities in academic research, applied science, and innovation commercialization.
From pharmaceuticals and medical diagnostics to agricultural biotech and environmental solutions, the industry offers varied roles for scientists, engineers, analysts, and business professionals alike.
As the industry grows, so does the demand for skilled professionals. This creates opportunities for career advancement, specialization, and participation in cutting-edge research and product development.
Malaysia’s biotech sector is increasingly focused on sustainable development and green technology, attracting professionals interested in making a positive environmental and social impact.
With increasing competition among companies to attract top talent, professionals in the biotech and life sciences sector in Malaysia can expect competitive salaries and comprehensive benefits packages.
Malaysia fosters a dynamic environment for innovation in biotechnology and life sciences, encouraging novel solutions in healthcare, agriculture, environmental sustainability, and industrial biotech. International candidates can contribute to and benefit from collaborative research and entrepreneurial ventures.
Creative applications such as bioinformatics, synthetic biology, personalized medicine, and biopharmaceutical manufacturing are emerging areas with significant growth potential. These fields welcome diverse expertise from global professionals.
Malaysia’s diverse society and open professional culture make it easier for international candidates to integrate into the workforce. English is widely used in business and science, easing communication in multidisciplinary teams.
Malaysia actively promotes partnerships between academia, government, and industry, supporting international talent through joint research initiatives, startup incubators, and innovation grants.
Initiatives like the Malaysia Tech Entrepreneur Program (MTEP) and various employment passes make it easier for skilled international professionals to live and work in the country, especially in high-impact sectors like biotech and life sciences.
Malaysia boasts modern research facilities, science parks, and innovation clusters, such as Bio-XCell and the Malaysian Genome Institute, which provide a solid foundation for creative scientific work.
International professionals based in Malaysia can lead or contribute to projects that address regional challenges in public health, food security, and sustainability, allowing for meaningful and scalable impact across Asia.
With increasing investment in biotech startups and translational research, international candidates can explore not only employment but also entrepreneurial opportunities—turning scientific ideas into viable products and services.
Involved in basic and applied research across pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental biotech. These roles are often found in universities, government labs, and private biotech firms.
Monitors clinical trials and ensures compliance with regulatory requirements. CRAs often work for pharmaceutical companies or contract research organizations (CROs).
Focuses on designing and optimizing manufacturing processes for biologics, vaccines, and other biotech products. Commonly employed in biopharmaceutical production facilities.
Handles licensing, compliance, and regulatory documentation for biotech products. Works closely with national bodies like NPRA and international regulatory agencies.
Ensures products meet industry standards and regulations. These roles are critical in pharmaceutical and food biotech manufacturing environments.
Uses computational tools to analyze biological data. Plays a key role in genomics, proteomics, and personalized medicine research.
Acts as a bridge between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals, offering scientific expertise and product knowledge.
Develops sustainable solutions for waste management, pollution control, and renewable energy using biological processes.
Works on crop improvement, pest resistance, and sustainable farming techniques through genetic engineering and molecular biology.
Promotes and supports biotech products and equipment, requiring strong technical knowledge and communication skills.
Leads innovation by developing new biotech products or services. Often supported by government grants, incubators, and venture capital.
Engaged in teaching and research within universities or research institutes, contributing to knowledge creation and workforce development.
Provides technical support in labs, assisting in experiments, data collection, and equipment maintenance across multiple biotech sectors.
Focuses on protecting biotech innovations through patents and trademarks. Often works with law firms, research institutions, or corporate legal teams.
Job Title |
MYR/month |
USD/month |
INR/month |
|---|---|---|---|
|
R&D Scientist |
7,500 |
1,600 |
₹134,000 |
|
Clinical Research Associate (CRA) |
6,800 |
1,450 |
₹121,000 |
|
Bioprocess Engineer |
8,200 |
1,750 |
₹146,500 |
|
Regulatory Affairs Specialist |
7,000 |
1,500 |
₹125,500 |
|
QA/QC Analyst |
6,500 |
1,390 |
₹116,000 |
|
Bioinformatics Specialist |
8,500 |
1,820 |
₹152,000 |
|
Medical Science Liaison (MSL) |
9,000 |
1,930 |
₹161,500 |
|
Environmental Biotechnologist |
6,700 |
1,430 |
₹119,000 |
|
Agricultural Biotechnologist |
6,300 |
1,350 |
₹112,000 |
|
Sales/Product Specialist (Biotech) |
7,200 |
1,550 |
₹130,000 |
|
Biotech Entrepreneur / Startup Founder |
Varies |
Varies |
Varies |
|
Academic Researcher |
5,800 |
1,240 |
₹104,000 |
|
Lecturer (Life Sciences) |
6,000 |
1,290 |
₹108,000 |
|
Lab Technician / Technologist |
4,500 |
970 |
₹80,000 |
|
IP Specialist (Biotech Patents) |
7,500 |
1,600 |
₹134,000 |
|
Biomedical Engineer |
7,800 |
1,670 |
₹139,500 |
|
Pharmacologist |
7,300 |
1,560 |
₹130,800 |
|
Microbiologist |
6,200 |
1,320 |
₹110,500 |
|
Geneticist |
7,100 |
1,520 |
₹127,000 |
|
Biotechnology Project Manager |
9,500 |
2,040 |
₹171,000 |
Eligibility Criteria |
Details |
|---|---|
|
Educational Qualifications |
Bachelor's degree or higher in Biotechnology, Life Sciences, or related fields (e.g., Molecular Biology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry). |
|
Work Experience |
2–5 years preferred for mid-level roles; fresh graduates may qualify for entry-level or research assistant roles. |
|
Language Proficiency |
English is the primary working language; proficiency required. Malay is optional but beneficial. |
|
Professional Certifications |
Certifications in GLP, GMP, GCP, or ISO standards are valued in regulatory, QA/QC, and manufacturing roles. |
|
Work Visa/Employment Pass |
Must obtain a valid Employment Pass sponsored by a Malaysian employer. Processed through the Expatriate Services Division. |
|
Health and Medical Clearance |
Required as part of visa processing, including a medical examination. |
|
Background Check |
Educational and employment history verification may be required by employers. |
|
Job Offer Requirement |
Must secure a job offer before applying for an employment pass. |
|
Age Limit |
Generally below 60 years for new expatriate hires, unless under special categories. |
|
Recognition of Foreign Degrees |
Degrees should be from accredited institutions; equivalency may be verified by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). |
|
Skills in Demand |
Bioinformatics, Bioprocessing, Regulatory Affairs, Genetic Engineering, and Clinical Research are high-demand skill areas. |
|
Adaptability to Local Standards |
Familiarity with Malaysian and ASEAN biotech regulations is beneficial. |
|
Industry-Specific Experience |
Experience in pharmaceutical, healthcare, agricultural, or environmental biotech sectors preferred. |
Job Profile |
General Roles and Responsibilities |
|---|---|
|
1. R&D Scientist |
Conducts experiments, analyzes data, develops new biotech products or improves existing ones in pharma, agri, or health. |
|
2. Clinical Research Associate (CRA) |
Oversees clinical trials, ensures compliance with protocols, monitors patient data, and liaises with investigators. |
|
3. Bioprocess Engineer |
Designs and optimizes biological manufacturing processes for vaccines, enzymes, and biologics in industrial setups. |
|
4. Regulatory Affairs Specialist |
Prepares and submits regulatory documents, ensures product compliance with Malaysian and international regulations. |
|
5. QA/QC Analyst |
Performs product testing, validates processes, ensures adherence to GMP, GLP, and quality assurance standards. |
|
6. Bioinformatics Specialist |
Analyzes genomic, proteomic, and other biological data using computational tools; supports precision medicine and research. |
|
7. Medical Science Liaison (MSL) |
Provides scientific support to healthcare professionals, explains product data, and bridges R&D and marketing teams. |
|
8. Environmental Biotechnologist |
Develops eco-friendly technologies for pollution control, waste treatment, and renewable energy using biological systems. |
|
9. Agricultural Biotechnologist |
Works on genetically modified crops, pest resistance, soil improvement, and sustainable agricultural practices. |
|
10. Sales/Product Specialist (Biotech) |
Promotes biotech products, provides technical support to customers, and trains clients on equipment and applications. |
|
11. Biotech Entrepreneur |
Develops biotech startups, leads innovation, secures funding, and oversees product development and commercialization. |
|
12. Academic Researcher |
Conducts scientific studies, publishes findings, supervises students, and applies for research grants in academic institutions. |
|
13. Lecturer (Life Sciences) |
Teaches undergraduate and postgraduate courses, develops curriculum, mentors students, and engages in academic research. |
|
14. Lab Technician / Technologist |
Assists in laboratory procedures, maintains equipment, prepares samples, and records experimental data. |
|
15. IP Specialist (Biotech Patents) |
Manages patent filing, conducts patent landscape analysis, ensures intellectual property protection for innovations. |
|
16. Biomedical Engineer |
Designs and develops medical devices and diagnostic tools; works closely with healthcare and biotech firms. |
|
17. Pharmacologist |
Studies drug interactions, conducts toxicity tests, and supports drug development and approval processes. |
|
18. Microbiologist |
Investigates microbial behavior, develops vaccines or industrial microbes, and ensures biosafety in labs and manufacturing. |
|
19. Geneticist |
Conducts genetic testing, analyzes DNA sequences, and supports research in inherited diseases and genetic therapies. |
|
20. Biotechnology Project Manager |
Leads biotech projects, coordinates cross-functional teams, manages budgets, timelines, and ensures milestone delivery. |
Job Profile |
Minimum Education |
Experience Required |
Additional Requirements |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1. R&D Scientist |
BSc/MSc/PhD in Biotechnology or Life Sciences |
1–5 years in research |
Lab skills, publication record preferred |
|
2. Clinical Research Associate (CRA) |
BSc in Life Sciences or Pharmacy |
2–4 years in clinical trials |
Knowledge of GCP, clinical trial protocols |
|
3. Bioprocess Engineer |
BEng/BSc in Biotech/Chemical Engineering |
2–5 years in manufacturing |
Understanding of GMP, process validation |
|
4. Regulatory Affairs Specialist |
BSc/MSc in Pharmacy or Life Sciences |
2–4 years |
Familiarity with NPRA & international regulations |
|
5. QA/QC Analyst |
BSc in Biotech/Chemistry/Pharma |
1–3 years |
GMP/GLP knowledge, documentation skills |
|
6. Bioinformatics Specialist |
MSc in Bioinformatics/CS/Biotech |
2–4 years |
Programming (Python/R), NGS tools, databases |
|
7. Medical Science Liaison (MSL) |
PharmD/PhD/MD |
3–5 years |
Communication skills, scientific expertise |
|
8. Environmental Biotechnologist |
BSc/MSc in Environmental Science/Biotech |
1–3 years |
Knowledge in bioremediation, sustainability practices |
|
9. Agricultural Biotechnologist |
BSc/MSc in Agricultural Biotechnology |
1–3 years |
Field research skills, genetics, molecular biology |
|
10. Sales/Product Specialist |
BSc in Biotech/Pharma |
1–2 years |
Strong communication, product knowledge |
|
11. Biotech Entrepreneur |
BSc/MSc/PhD + Business Acumen |
Varies |
Innovation skills, fundraising, business plan experience |
|
12. Academic Researcher |
MSc/PhD in Life Sciences |
Research experience (2–5 yrs) |
Publications, grant writing, academic collaborations |
|
13. Lecturer (Life Sciences) |
MSc/PhD in Biotech or related field |
Teaching/research experience |
University teaching exposure, peer-reviewed publications |
|
14. Lab Technician / Technologist |
Diploma/BSc in Biotech or Lab Tech |
0–2 years |
Lab procedures, sample handling, safety training |
|
15. IP Specialist (Biotech Patents) |
LLB + Life Sciences background preferred |
2–4 years |
Patent law, WIPO guidelines, biotech-specific IP knowledge |
|
16. Biomedical Engineer |
BEng in Biomedical Engineering |
2–5 years |
Design, testing, regulatory knowledge for devices |
|
17. Pharmacologist |
MSc/PhD in Pharmacology |
2–4 years |
Drug development, toxicology, pharmacokinetics |
|
18. Microbiologist |
BSc/MSc in Microbiology |
1–3 years |
Microbial techniques, biosafety, clinical/industrial exposure |
|
19. Geneticist |
MSc/PhD in Genetics/Molecular Biology |
2–5 years |
Experience with sequencing, genetic analysis |
|
20. Biotech Project Manager |
BSc/MSc + Project Management Cert. (PMP) |
5+ years |
Leadership, budgeting, regulatory knowledge, cross-functional coordination |
Job Profile |
Experience Level Required |
Experience Details |
|---|---|---|
|
R&D Scientist |
1–5 years |
Research experience in biotech/pharma labs; publications and lab techniques preferred. |
|
Clinical Research Associate (CRA) |
2–4 years |
Clinical trial monitoring, GCP compliance, and documentation handling. |
|
Bioprocess Engineer |
2–5 years |
Experience in biomanufacturing, process design, and equipment validation. |
|
Regulatory Affairs Specialist |
2–4 years |
Regulatory submissions, dossier preparation, and local/international compliance. |
|
QA/QC Analyst |
1–3 years |
Quality assurance/control testing, SOP documentation, audit readiness. |
|
Bioinformatics Specialist |
2–4 years |
Genomics/proteomics data analysis, experience with Python/R, NGS, and databases. |
|
Medical Science Liaison (MSL) |
3–5 years |
Scientific communication, medical product knowledge, liaison between R&D and medical. |
|
Environmental Biotechnologist |
1–3 years |
Experience in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, or green technologies. |
|
Agricultural Biotechnologist |
1–3 years |
Fieldwork, crop genomics, pest resistance, or molecular marker techniques. |
|
Sales/Product Specialist (Biotech) |
1–2 years |
Sales or technical support experience in biotech/pharma products or lab instruments. |
|
Biotech Entrepreneur |
Varies (5+ ideal) |
Industry experience, startup/venture involvement, and business leadership. |
|
Academic Researcher |
2–5 years |
Postgraduate research experience, grants, and journal publications. |
|
Lecturer (Life Sciences) |
2–4 years |
University teaching and research experience in a specialized life science field. |
|
Lab Technician / Technologist |
0–2 years |
Basic lab experience, sample preparation, and equipment operation. |
|
IP Specialist (Biotech Patents) |
2–4 years |
Patent drafting, biotech IP portfolio management, legal background preferred. |
|
Biomedical Engineer |
2–5 years |
Device design/testing, compliance, and hospital/industry collaboration. |
|
Pharmacologist |
2–4 years |
Experience with drug testing, preclinical research, and safety evaluations. |
|
Microbiologist |
1–3 years |
Microbial culturing, analysis, diagnostics, or food/pharma lab work. |
|
Geneticist |
2–5 years |
Experience in DNA sequencing, genetic counseling, or gene therapy research. |
|
Biotechnology Project Manager |
5–8 years |
Leadership in biotech programs, budgeting, team coordination, and regulatory handling. |
Company Name |
Focus Areas |
Location (HQ/Offices) |
|---|---|---|
|
Biocon Sdn Bhd |
Biopharmaceuticals, biosimilars, insulin manufacturing |
Johor (Bio-XCell Nusajaya) |
|
Duopharma Biotech Berhad |
Generic drugs, nutraceuticals, biotechnology R&D |
Kuala Lumpur & Klang, Selangor |
|
Pharmaniaga Berhad |
Pharmaceuticals manufacturing and logistics |
Shah Alam, Selangor |
|
CCM Duopharma (Chemical Company of Malaysia) |
Biotech R&D, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) |
Petaling Jaya, Selangor |
|
Novartis Malaysia |
Global pharmaceutical R&D, clinical trials, oncology |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Malaysia |
Vaccines, pharmaceuticals, respiratory and oncology drugs |
Petaling Jaya, Selangor |
|
Thermo Fisher Scientific Malaysia |
Biotech instruments, diagnostics, research tools |
Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Johor |
|
Lonza Group (Malaysia) |
Contract manufacturing for biologics, cell & gene therapy |
Nusajaya, Johor (Bio-XCell Park) |
|
Agilent Technologies Malaysia |
Life sciences instruments, diagnostics, genomics |
Penang, Kuala Lumpur |
|
Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre (MGRC) |
Genomics, bioinformatics, precision medicine |
Selangor (Technology Park Malaysia) |
|
Sime Darby Plantation R&D Centre |
Agricultural biotechnology, palm oil genetics |
Selangor |
|
Bioeconomy Corporation |
National biotech development agency – supports biotech companies and talent |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
Nestlé R&D Center (Malaysia) |
Food biotechnology, nutrition science |
Shah Alam, Selangor |
|
DuPont Malaysia (now part of Corteva Agriscience) |
Agricultural biotech, crop protection, seed genetics |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
INNOPHARM Biotechnology Sdn Bhd |
Biosimilars, monoclonal antibodies, biopharma product development |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
Universiti Malaya (UM) |
Academic research in molecular biology, bioinformatics, cancer biology |
Kuala Lumpur |
|
Monash University Malaysia |
Academic biotech and life sciences research, genomics |
Bandar Sunway, Selangor |
|
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) |
Pharmaceutical and medical biotech research |
Penang |
|
Bio-XCell Malaysia |
Biotech and life sciences cluster – hosts international biotech companies |
Nusajaya, Johor |
|
CCRC Malaysia (Clinical Research Centre) |
Clinical research support, trials coordination |
Nationwide (Ministry of Health network) |
Job Profile |
Avg. Salary (MYR/month) |
Job Requirements |
Top Hiring Companies |
General Roles & Responsibilities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
R&D Scientist |
7,500 |
BSc/MSc/PhD in Biotech/Life Sciences, 1–5 yrs experience |
Biocon, Duopharma, USM, GSK |
Conduct research, develop new biotech products, analyze experimental data |
|
Clinical Research Associate (CRA) |
6,800 |
BSc in Life Sciences/Pharmacy, 2–4 yrs, GCP knowledge |
Novartis, CCRC, GSK |
Monitor clinical trials, ensure regulatory compliance, manage documentation |
|
Bioprocess Engineer |
8,200 |
BEng in Biotech/Chemical Engg, 2–5 yrs, GMP knowledge |
Lonza, Biocon, Thermo Fisher |
Optimize production processes for biologics, scale-up manufacturing |
|
Regulatory Affairs Specialist |
7,000 |
BSc/MSc in Life Sciences, 2–4 yrs, NPRA/regulatory experience |
Pharmaniaga, Duopharma, Novartis |
Prepare submissions, ensure product compliance, liaise with regulators |
|
QA/QC Analyst |
6,500 |
BSc in Biotech/Chemistry, 1–3 yrs, GMP/GLP familiarity |
CCM Duopharma, GSK, Pharmaniaga |
Conduct quality testing, validate products, support audits |
|
Bioinformatics Specialist |
8,500 |
MSc in Bioinformatics/CS, 2–4 yrs, Python/R, NGS tools |
MGRC, UM, Agilent, Thermo Fisher |
Analyze genomic/proteomic data, support research through data modeling |
|
Medical Science Liaison (MSL) |
9,000 |
PhD/PharmD/MD, 3–5 yrs, communication skills |
Novartis, GSK, Duopharma |
Act as scientific expert, support medical affairs, engage with clinicians |
|
Environmental Biotechnologist |
6,700 |
BSc/MSc in Env. Sci/Biotech, 1–3 yrs |
Sime Darby, Environmental biotech startups |
Develop bio-based waste treatment, renewable energy, and eco-solutions |
|
Agricultural Biotechnologist |
6,300 |
BSc/MSc in Agri Biotech, 1–3 yrs, field experience |
Sime Darby, Corteva, Nestlé |
Work on GM crops, pest resistance, sustainable agriculture |
|
Sales/Product Specialist |
7,200 |
BSc in Biotech/Pharma, 1–2 yrs, strong communication |
Thermo Fisher, Agilent, Duopharma |
Promote biotech products, provide technical support to clients |
|
Biotech Entrepreneur |
Varies |
Sci/Tech degree + Business skills, innovation background |
Bioeconomy Corp (support), private incubators |
Develop biotech startups, lead innovation, secure funding, launch products |
|
Academic Researcher |
5,800 |
MSc/PhD in Life Sciences, research experience |
UM, USM, Monash University |
Conduct academic research, publish papers, apply for grants |
|
Lecturer (Life Sciences) |
6,000 |
MSc/PhD in relevant field, teaching/research experience |
UM, USM, Monash, UPM |
Teach, mentor students, lead research projects |
|
Lab Technician / Technologist |
4,500 |
Diploma/BSc in Lab Tech/Biotech, 0–2 yrs |
All research labs, hospitals, universities |
Assist in lab experiments, maintain equipment, prepare samples |
|
IP Specialist (Biotech Patents) |
7,500 |
LLB + Life Sciences background, 2–4 yrs in IP |
IP firms, biotech companies, Bioeconomy Corp |
Handle patents, protect biotech IP, assist in legal compliance |
|
Biomedical Engineer |
7,800 |
BEng in Biomedical Engg, 2–5 yrs |
Medtech firms, hospitals, Thermo Fisher |
Design medical devices, conduct testing, support healthcare innovation |
|
Pharmacologist |
7,300 |
MSc/PhD in Pharmacology, 2–4 yrs |
Novartis, GSK, USM |
Study drug effects, assist in formulation, conduct toxicity studies |
|
Microbiologist |
6,200 |
BSc/MSc in Microbiology, 1–3 yrs |
GSK, Nestlé, academic labs |
Analyze microbes, conduct research for pharma, food, or environment sectors |
|
Geneticist |
7,100 |
MSc/PhD in Genetics, 2–5 yrs |
MGRC, UM, USM |
Perform genetic testing, analyze DNA, support genomic research |
|
Biotechnology Project Manager |
9,500 |
BSc/MSc + PMP/PM experience, 5–8 yrs |
Biocon, Lonza, GSK, startups |
Oversee biotech projects, manage timelines/budgets, coordinate teams |
Visa Type |
Eligibility |
Duration |
Applicable For |
Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Employment Pass (Category I) |
Foreign professionals with monthly salary ≥ MYR 10,000 |
2–5 years |
Senior Scientists, Project Managers, Directors |
Renewable; allows dependents; fastest processing |
|
Employment Pass (Category II) |
Monthly salary between MYR 5,000–9,999 |
Up to 2 years |
Mid-level professionals (e.g., R&D Scientists) |
Renewable; may bring dependents after 1 year |
|
Employment Pass (Category III) |
Monthly salary between MYR 3,000–4,999; contract ≤ 12 months |
Max 12 months (renewable 2x) |
Entry-level roles (e.g., Lab Technicians) |
Cannot bring dependents; limited to 2 renewals |
|
Professional Visit Pass (PVP) |
Foreigners providing short-term technical services (contract ≤ 12 months) |
Up to 12 months |
Visiting Researchers, Consultants, Trainers |
Sponsored by Malaysian organization; not for permanent employment |
|
Malaysia Tech Entrepreneur Program (MTEP) |
Startup founders in biotech/tech sectors |
1 year (renewable) |
Biotech Entrepreneurs, Startup Founders |
Requires business proposal and endorsement by MDEC |
|
Dependent Pass |
Spouses/children of Employment Pass holders |
Follows EP validity |
Families of foreign employees |
Dependent pass holders (spouses) can apply for a separate work permit |
|
Residence Pass – Talent (RP-T) |
High-skilled professionals with 3+ years in Malaysia, earning ≥ MYR 15,000/month |
10 years |
Senior professionals, C-level executives |
Offers long-term residency and employment flexibility |
|
Student Pass (Internships/Research) |
Foreign students enrolled in Malaysian universities or attached to projects |
Duration of course/project |
Research Assistants, Postgrad Researchers |
May transition to Employment Pass upon job offer after graduation |